Blog 3: Cabral's Cultural Force in Contrast with Sukarno's Ethics of Unity

Amilcar Cabral plants the very basis of his argument and discussion regarding the struggle for independence on the central importance of culture. He states culture, in its essence, is the necessary seed which is fertilized to ensure “the continuity of history” as well as the “progress of the society”. Thus, for Cabral, it is the culture of the African people which must serve as the foundational block upon which the struggle for independence can begin to sow its seeds. It is within art, concepts about cosmology, traditions of music and dance as well as oral and written works which Cabral views as the rich repositories of the “undeniable” culture that Africa embodies. However, this discussion of the importance of African culture is not expressed in an uncritical manner. It is necessary that the African people employ a critical engagement with their culture which unveils the various weaknesses, regressive beliefs and flaws which equally constitute this African culture. It is only once this critical lens is employed to view African culture; can it be used as a fundamental tool which is to be continually engaged with the process of liberation. Thus, Cabral’s view on culture and national liberation are embedded within the framework of cultural resistance. It is this very specific, African cultural resistance that Cabral states is the “integrating” and “decisive” factor for the struggle for independence.

In contrast, Sukarno, in his address delivered to various African and Asian countries, seems to take on a distinct approach while speaking about the liberation and culture of Third World countries. He focuses ardently on several principles which are imperative for the independent countries of the Third World to uphold if they are to be successful in their mission of obtaining freedom and independence. Sukarno bases his ideas on liberation and independence on the paramount importance of a code of ethics and morality which he states must be the foundation upon which each country works to ensure further independence. It is the unwavering commitment to peace that Sukarno believes should be at the forefront of all actions which, in their intention, wish to fulfil the goal of achieving independence and ending colonialism. It is by achieving a unique sense of unity despite religious, political and economic differences which will ensure the success of the struggle for liberation. Sukarno speaks about the goal of an “enlightened” collectivity consisting of thinkers from African and Asian countries, which should ideally exhibit tolerance in their opinions and discussions. This is an essential component in ensuring peace, unity, and ultimately independence. It can hence be observed that Sukarno is putting forth the idea of a culture that is based on the tenants of peace, unity and ultimately freedom. This is a culture that is not confined to a country, or region, but is rather one that he hopes will transcend beyond territorial boundaries and delineations based on nationalities and nation-states.

Furthermore, Sukarno borrows the tenants which formed the cornerstone of the Declaration of Independence of the United States in his address. He states that Third World countries should observe the practice of respecting the principle of “life and liberty” which propagates that all individuals should be given the same respect and rights regardless of their colour or religion. It is this very act that Cabral opposes when he expresses that it is only through the developing of an in-depth and “profound” knowledge of one’s own culture, is a national cultural force able to emerge. This national cultural force serves as the main foundation of an armed struggle for indendence. By borrowing from the principles of other people’s knowledge regarding their struggles, Cabral states that the local culture and its subsequent crucial role in the struggle for independence is ignored and thus, the struggle has failed.

Lastly, a similarity that stands out in both the texts is the emphasis on the importance of a moral unity in striving towards the cause of independence. Cabral speaks of a similar “moral and political unity” which Sukarno continually stresses throughout his speech. Additionally, Cabral also describes the need for a moral and political consciousness that must be aroused in the people if the struggle for independence is to be achieved. These ideas echo the sentiments which Sukarno expresses throughout his speech when he focuses on the importance of countries uniting and being conscious of this unity which serves as an undeniable force. This force is ready to tackle the injustices of colonialism and is thus fighting wholeheartedly to achieve freedom.